Which route of medication administration reduces first-pass metabolism?

The sublingual route of medication administration significantly reduces first-pass metabolism because medications are absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the tissues under the tongue. This bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and the liver, where significant metabolism typically occurs. When drugs are taken orally, they must first pass through the digestive system and liver, which can metabolize a substantial portion before the active drug reaches systemic circulation.

In contrast, medications administered sublingually enter the bloodstream more quickly and in a more concentrated form, providing faster onset of action and potentially higher bioavailability. This is particularly advantageous for certain medications that would be less effective if they were subjected to first-pass metabolism.

While intravenous administration also avoids first-pass metabolism, the question specifically asks for the route that involves administration through the mouth and offers a practical option for patients. Sublingual administration is designed for easy and rapid absorption and is a common method for specific types of medications, like certain cardiovascular drugs and those used for acute pain relief.